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Chagos Archipelago Returns to Mauritius: A Historic Step in Decolonisation

In a landmark move, the United Kingdom has transferred sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, addressing a long-standing colonial dispute and fulfilling international legal obligations. This handover has significant geopolitical and ecological implications for the Indian Ocean region.


Chagos Archipelago: Key Facts

  • Location: Central Indian Ocean, ~1,600 km south of India's southern tip

  • Comprises: Seven atolls, including Diego Garcia, the largest and most strategically important island

  • Strategic Use: Hosts a U.S. military base critical for operations in the Middle East, Africa, and Indo-Pacific


Historical Background

  • In 1965, the UK purchased Chagos from Mauritius for £3 million, shortly before Mauritius gained independence in 1968

  • Mauritius has consistently claimed the deal was forced and unlawful under international law

  • The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and UN General Assembly have backed Mauritius’ claim, urging decolonization


Ecological and Strategic Significance

  • Great Chagos Bank: One of the world’s largest coral atolls; known for pristine reef ecosystems

  • Diego Garcia: Though transferred, it will remain operational under a lease agreement:

    • UK to pay $136 million annually to Mauritius

    • Lease to last for at least 99 years, ensuring continuity of U.S. strategic interests


UPSC Relevance

  • GS Paper 2: Decolonization, International law, UN, India's neighbourhood and maritime interests

  • GS Paper 3: Strategic geography, marine biodiversity

  • Essay & Ethics: Global justice, sovereignty, colonial reparations, environment vs military utility



📘 Prelims Practice Question:

Q. With reference to the Chagos Archipelago, consider the following statements:

  1. It is located in the Pacific Ocean.

  2. Diego Garcia, the largest island, hosts a major U.S. military base.

  3. The International Court of Justice has supported the UK's claim over the territory.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 2 and 3 only


✅ Answer: B. 2 only

Explanation:

  • Statement 1 is incorrect: Chagos is located in the Indian Ocean, not the Pacific.

  • Statement 2 is correct: Diego Garcia is a strategic U.S. military base.

  • Statement 3 is incorrect: The ICJ ruled in favour of Mauritius, stating the UK should end its control.


✍️ Mains Practice Question (GS Paper 2):

Discuss the significance of the transfer of Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius in the context of decolonization and international legal order. How does it impact geopolitics in the Indian Ocean region?


 
 
 

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