Scarborough Shoal Dispute: Tensions in the South China Sea
- vidyarthee2021
- Apr 22
- 2 min read
The long-standing dispute over the Scarborough Shoal has once again flared up, with China accusing the Philippines of unauthorized intrusion into the waters surrounding the shoal. This contested region lies in the South China Sea (SCS)—a strategically vital waterway that continues to be a geopolitical hotspot in the Indo-Pacific.
About Scarborough Shoal
Geographic Location:
Largest atoll in the South China Sea
Approximately 220 km west of the Philippines
Lies within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Philippines under UNCLOS
Dispute:
Claimed by China as part of its "ancestral territory" dating back to the 13th century
China's claims are based on the controversial nine-dash line, which lacks legal standing under international law
The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in 2016 ruled in favour of the Philippines, declaring China's claims illegitimate—though China rejected the verdict
Strategic Importance:
Rich in marine biodiversity and hydrocarbon resources
Vital fishing grounds for regional economies
Potential military significance due to proximity to key shipping routes
South China Sea: Broader Geopolitical Context
Countries Bordering SCS:
Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
Other Disputed Territories:
Paracel Islands – disputed mainly between China and Vietnam
Spratly Islands – claimed wholly or in part by China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei
Importance to UPSC:
GS Paper 2: International Relations, Maritime Security
GS Paper 3: Geography (World Map-based questions)
Essay Paper: Geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific
UPSC Prelims MCQ
Consider the following statements about Scarborough Shoal:
It is located within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Vietnam.
It is the largest atoll in the South China Sea.
It is claimed by China under the nine-dash line doctrine.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect – Scarborough Shoal lies in the EEZ of the Philippines, not Vietnam
Statement 2 is correct – It is the largest atoll in the SCS
Statement 3 is correct – China claims it under its nine-dash line
UPSC Mains Question
Q. Discuss the strategic importance of the South China Sea for India’s Act East Policy. Highlight how disputes like the Scarborough Shoal affect regional maritime security and freedom of navigation.
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